Navigating the Institutional Landscape: The Dynamics of Operant Resources and Value Co-Creation for Service Innovation in Pakistani ICT Firms

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Hailey College of Commerce, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract

This research investigates the factors influencing service innovation within Pakistan's ICT SME software development sector to address challenges hindering global competitiveness. A quantitative research approach was adopted, utilizing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the data collected from a sample of 336 software firms. The study integrates Service-Dominant Logic (SDL), Resource Advantage (RA) Theory, and Institutional Theory to explore the interplay of variables affecting service innovation. The results indicate that company-customer relationships, knowledge valuation, and customizing capability significantly impact value co-creation and service innovation. Moreover, institutional logics, particularly cognitive and normative logics, were found to moderate these relationships. This research comprehensively examines the factors influencing service innovation in the Pakistani ICT sector. It extends the application of SDL and Institutional Theory to a specific emerging market context, contributing valuable insights to the field of service innovation.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Abbasi, E., Khan, A. A., Siddiqui, M. S., & Siddiqui, S. (2025). Towards investigating innovation perceptions of leaders in the ICT sector of Pakistan. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1), 9948672. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/9948672
Adiguzel, Z., Sonmez Cakir, F., & Karaaslan, N. (2025). Examination of the effects of technology orientation, technology innovation strategy and strategic orientation on information technology companies in technoparks. International Journal of Innovation Science, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-03-2024-0059
Afshar Jahanshahi, A., Adiguzel, Z., & Sonmez Cakir, F. (2022). Managerial support for innovation as the source of corporate sustainability and innovative performance: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(2), e2428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2428
Ahmed, N. (2023). The role of religion in the economic development of Pakistan (Senior
integrative project. CISLA Senior Integrative Projects, 61. https://doi.org/https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/sip/61
Am, J. B., Furstenthal, L., Jorge, F., & Roth, E. (2020, June 17). Innovation in a crisis: Why it is more critical than ever. McKinsey & Company.
Arshed, N., Hanif, N., Aziz, O., & Croteau, M. (2022). Exploring the potential of institutional quality in determining technological innovation. Technology in Society, 68, 101859. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101859
Aslam, H., Waseem, M., Muneeb, D., Ali, Z., Roubaud, D., & Grebinevych, O. (2023). Customer integration in the supply chain: The role of market orientation and supply chain strategy in the age of digital revolution. Annals of Operations Research, 348(3), 2145-2169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696695
Audretsch, D. B., & Link, A. N. (2019). The fountain of knowledge: An epistemological perspective on the growth of US SBIR-funded firms. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1103-1113.
Bosisio, J. (2024). A research landscape on customer co-creation value: A systematic literature network analysis. Italian Journal of Marketing, 2024(3), 339-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43039-024-00092-9
Bosma, N., Content, J., Sanders, M., & Stam, E. (2018). Institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in Europe. Small Business Economics, 51, 483-499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0012-x
Busenitz, L. W., xf, mez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994-1003. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556423
Carvalho, P., & Alves, H. (2023). Customer value co-creation in the hospitality and tourism industry: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(1), 250-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2021-1528
Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 410-413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.010
Chiyangwa, T., & Mnkandla, E. (2018). Agile methodology perceived success and its use: The moderating effect of perceived compatibility. South African Computer Journal, 30. https://doi.org/10.18489/sacj.v30i2.554
Chowdhury, F., Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2018). Institutions and entrepreneurship quality. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1), 51-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718780431
Corsaro, D. (2022). Explaining the sales transformation through an institutional lens. Journal of Business Research, 142, 1106-1124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.009
Diamantopoulos, A., Siguaw, J. A., & Cadogan, J. W. (2008). Measuring abstract constructs in management and organizational research: The case of export coordination. British Journal of Management, 19(4), 389-395. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00619.x
Edvardsson, B., & Tronvoll, B. (2013). A new conceptualization of service innovation grounded in S‐D logic and service systems. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 5(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566691311316220
Elo, J., Pekkala, K., & Tuunanen, T. (2023). Managing continuous digital service innovation for value co-creation. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2023 (HICSS-56). 3.
Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., Stephan, U., & Wright, M. (2019). Entrepreneurship in emerging markets (Vol. 457). Oxford University Press.
Frempong, J., Chai, J., Ampaw, E. M., Amofah, D. O., & Ansong, K. W. (2020). The relationship among customer operant resources, online value co-creation and electronic-word-of-mouth in solid waste management marketing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 248, 119228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119228
Frow, P., Nenonen, S., Payne, A., & Storbacka, K. (2015). Managing co-creation design: A strategic approach to innovation. British Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12087
Global Data. (2024, July 19). Pakistan ICT market size and forecast by it solution area, size band and vertical) to 2027. Global Data. https://www.globaldata.com/store/report/pakistan-ict-market-analysis/#:~:text=The%20Pakistan%20ICT%20market%20size%20was%20estimated%20at%20US%24%2015.10,US%24%2014.81%20billion%20in%202023
Greenwood, R., Díaz, A. M., Li, S. X., & Lorente, J. C. (2009). The multiplicity of institutional logics and the heterogeneity of organizational responses. Organization Science, 21(2), 521-539. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0453
Hagberg, J., Sundström, M., & Egels-Zandén, N. (2016). The digitalization of retailing: An exploratory framework. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 44, 694-712. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-09-2015-0140
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Richter, N. F., & Hauff, S. (2017). Partial least squares strukturgleichungsmodellierung: Eine anwendungsorientierte einführung (1 ed.). Verlag C.H.Beck. https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800653614
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & G. Kuppelwieser, V. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., & Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: A review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5), 320-340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.09.008
Harsanto, B., Kumar, N., Zhan, Y., & Michaelides, R. (2020, April). Firms’ ICT and Innovation in Jakarta Metropolitan Area. In 2020 International Conference on Technology and Entrepreneurship-Virtual (ICTE-V) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), New Challenges to International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277-319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hibbert, S., Winklhofer, H., & Temerak, M. S. (2012). Customers as resource integrators: Toward a model of customer learning. Journal of Service Research, 15(3), 247-261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670512442805
Homburg, C., & Tischer, M. (2023). Customer journey management capability in business-to-business markets: Its bright and dark sides and overall impact on firm performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 51(5), 1046-1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-023-00923-9
Hsieh, J.-K., & Hsieh, Y.-C. (2015). Dialogic co-creation and service innovation performance in high-tech companies. Journal of Business Research, 68(11), 2266-2271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.009
Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1995). The comparative advantage theory of competition. Journal of Marketing, 59(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900201
Iden, J., Eikebrokk, T. R., & Marrone, M. (2020). Process reference frameworks as institutional arrangements for digital service innovation. International Journal of Information Management, 54, 102150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102150
Invest Pakistan. (2022). Sector Profile Tech (IT and IT enabled Services). B. o. Investment. https://invest.gov.pk/sites/default/files/inline-files/IT.pdf
Jian, Z.-q., Osman, M. A., & Li, L. (2023). The effects of relationship quality and knowledge sharing on service innovation performance: organisational learning as a mediator. International Journal of Information Technology and Management, 22(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJITM.2023.130057
Kamalaldin, A., Linde, L., Sjödin, D., & Parida, V. (2020). Transforming provider-customer relationships in digital servitization: A relational view on digitalization. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 306-325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.02.004
Knockaert, M., Deschryvere, M., & Lecluyse, L. (2019). The relationship between organizational interdependence and additionality obtained from innovation ecosystem participation. Science and Public Policy, 46(4), 490-503. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz002
Koskela-Huotari, K., Edvardsson, B., Jonas, J. M., Sörhammar, D., & Witell, L. (2016). Innovation in service ecosystems—Breaking, making, and maintaining institutionalized rules of resource integration. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2964-2971. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.029
Kuo, C.-M., Chen, L.-C., & Tseng, C.-Y. (2017). Investigating an innovative service with hospitality robots. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(5), 1305-1321. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2015-0414
Lei, S. I., Wang, D., & Law, R. (2019). Hoteliers’ service design for mobile-based value co-creation. International Journal Of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(11), 4338-4356. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2018-0249
Liu, N., Jian, Z., & Tan, Y. (2024). Exploring the effects of big data analytics capability on service innovation performance of manufacturing enterprises. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2024.2441807
Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service innovation: A service-dominant logic perspective. MIS Quarterly, 39(1), 155-175. https://doi.org/10.25300/misq/2015/39.1.07
Lyu, J., Cao, K., & Yang, S. (2022). The impact of value co-creation behavior on customers’ experiences with and loyalty to P2P accommodations. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 988318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.988318
Masudi, N. (2023). Cyber security and data privacy law in pakistan: protecting information and privacy in the digital age. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.52337/pjia.v6i3.906
Moorman, C., van Heerde, H. J., Moreau, C. P., & Palmatier, R. W. (2019). Challenging the boundaries of marketing. Journal of Marketing, 83(5), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919867086
Nazir, S., Mehmood, S., Zhaolei, L., Nazir, Z., & Nazir, S. (2024). Analyzing how COVID-19 moderates the relationship between organizational learning capabilities, technological innovation, supply chain management and enterprise performance in the automobile industry. Business Process Management Journal, 30(6), 2184-2209. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2024-0116
Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
Oftedal, E., Iakovleva, T., & Foss, L. (2017). University context matter: An institutional perspective on entrepreneurial intentions of students. Education + Training, 60(7-8), 873-890. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2016-0098
Omar, N. A., Kassim, A. S., Shah, N. U., Shah Alam, S., & Che Wel, C. A. (2020). The influence of customer value co-creation behavior on SME brand equity: An empirical analysis. Interdisciplinary Journal of Management Studies (Formerly known as Iranian Journal of Management Studies), 13(2), 165-196. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2019.280005.673611
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2023). Annual analytical report on external trade statistics of Pakistan FY 2021-22. P. B. o. Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/external_trade/Annual_Analytical_Report_On_External_Trade_Statistics_Of_Pakistan_2021-22.pdf
Papageorgiadis, N., & Sharma, A. (2015). Intellectual property rights and innovation: A panel analysis. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2016.01.003
Pathak, B., Ashok, M., & Leng Tan, Y. (2022). Value co-creation in the B2B context: A conceptual framework and its implications. The Service Industries Journal, 42(3-4), 178-205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2021.1989414
Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., Kedia, B., Datta, D., & Rasheed, A. (2008). Effectiveness and efficiency of cross-border knowledge transfer: An empirical examination. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 714-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00767.x
Pongsathornwiwat, A., Jeenanunta, C., Huynh, V.-N., & Udomvitid, K. (2019). How collaborative routines improve dynamic innovation capability and performance in tourism industry? A path-dependent learning model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(4), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1564341
Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004). Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(3), 5-14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.20015
Rahman, H., Raza, M., Afsar, P., & Khan, H. (2021). Empirical investigation of influencing factors regarding offshore outsourcing decision of application maintenance. IEEE Access, 9, 58589-58608. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3073315
Ramani, G., & Kumar, V. (2008). Interaction orientation and firm performance. Journal of Marketing, 72(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.1.027
Ramayah, T., Hwa, C., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Memon, M. A. (2018). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0: An updated and practical guide to statistical analysis. Pearson Malaysia.  
Raza, H. (2018). ICT businesses of Pakistan: An ignored SME subsector. Educational Research International, 7(4), 1-11.
Rex, E., & Baumann, H. (2007). Beyond ecolabels: What green marketing can learn from conventional marketing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(6), 567-576. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.05.013
Saha, V., Goyal, P., & Jebarajakirthy, C. (2022). Value co-creation: A review of literature and future research agenda. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(3), 612-628. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-01-2020-0017
Sánchez-Gutiérrez, J., Cabanelas, P., Lampón, J. F., & González-Alvarado, T. E. (2019). The impact on competitiveness of customer value creation through relationship capabilities and marketing innovation. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 34(3), 618-627. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-03-2017-0081
Sarfaraz, L., Faghih, N., & Majd, A. A. (2014). The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-7316-2-6
Savino, T., Messeni Petruzzelli, A., & Albino, V. (2017). Search and recombination process to innovate: A review of the empirical evidence and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 54-75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12081
Scott, W. R. (2013). Institutions and organizations. ideas, interests and identities (Vol. 17). Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.172.0136
Sewpersadh, N. S. (2023). Disruptive business value models in the digital era. Journal of Innovation Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00252-1
Shah, F. (2021, November 29). Trends in e-commerce in Pakistan. Dawn. https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=29_11_2021_604_006
Shair, W., Waheed, A., Kamran, M., & Kubra, N. (2022). Digital divide in Pakistan: Barriers to ICT usage among the Individuals of Pakistan. Journal of Economic Impact, 4, 196-204. https://doi.org/10.52223/jei4032206
Siddiqui, S. (2022, November 2). Investment in tech startups soars. Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2350809/investment-in-tech-startups-soars
Sinkovics, N., Choksy, U. S., Sinkovics, R. R., & Mudambi, R. (2019). Knowledge connectivity in an adverse context: Global value chains and pakistani offshore service providers. Management International Review, 59(1), 131-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-018-0372-0
So, K. K. F., Kim, H., He, Y., & Li, X. (2022). Mapping service innovation research in hospitality and tourism: An integrative bibliometric analysis and research agenda. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 64(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/19389655221102392
Spithoven, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., & Roijakkers, N. (2013). Open innovation practices in SMEs and large enterprises. Small Business Economics, 41(3), 537-562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9453-9
Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1759-1769. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484
State Bank of Pakistan. (2022). Challenge fund for SMEs. https://www.sbp.org.pk/smefd/circulars/2022/C4-Annex-A.pdf
Steinbruch, F., Nascimento, L., & Callegaro-de-Menezes, D. (2022). The role of trust in innovation ecosystems. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 37(1), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-08-2020-0395
Tajeddini, K., & Trueman, M. (2012). Managing Swiss hospitality: How cultural antecedents of innovation and customer-oriented value systems can influence performance in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1119-1129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.01.009
Tashakkori, A. A., Lotfizadeh, F., & Doroudi, H. (2023). Developing a model for customer retention through value co-creation in service projects: A study of relationships and interactions between Iranian firms and their clients. Interdisciplinary Journal of Management Studies (Formerly known as Iranian Journal of Management Studies), 17(1), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2023.337212.675040
Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure and process. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601936.001.0001
Trim, P. R., Lee, Y.-I., & Vu, A. (2023). Insights into how Vietnamese retailers utilize social media to facilitate knowledge creation through the process of value co-creation. Future Internet, 15(4), 123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15040123
Tuominen, J., Rantala, E., Reinikainen, H., Luoma-aho, V., & Wilska, T.-A. (2022). The brighter side of materialism: Managing impressions on social media for higher social capital. Poetics, 92, 101651. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2022.101651
Varadarajan, R. (2023). Resource advantage theory, resource based theory, and theory of multimarket competition: Does multimarket rivalry restrain firms from leveraging resource Advantages? Journal of Business Research, 160, 113713. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113713
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2016). Institutions and axioms: An extension and update of service-dominant logic. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0456-3
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2017). Service-dominant logic 2025. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34(1), 46-67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2016.11.001
Wafa, R., Khan, M. Q., Malik, F., Abdusalomov, A. B., Cho, Y. I., & Odarchenko, R. (2022). The impact of agile methodology on project success, with a moderating role of person’s job fit in the IT industry of Pakistan. Applied Sciences, 12(21). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app122110698
Wei, H., Chen, J., Chudhery, M. A. Z., & Fang, W. (2024). Empirically investigating the organizational identity mechanism of empowering leadership affecting the innovation performance of knowledge workers. Kybernetes, 53(12), 5155-5174. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-10-2022-1429
Wibowo, A. J. I., Sumarwan, U., Suharjo, B., & Simanjuntak, M. (2021). 17 years of service-dominant logic: Vargo and Lusch’s contributions. Business: Theory Practice, 22(2), 482-492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13050
Xu, H., Liu, Y., & Lyu, X. (2018). Customer value co-creation and new service evaluation: The moderating role of outcome quality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(4), 2020-2036. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0467
Yip, G., & McKern, B. (2014). Innovation in emerging markets – The case of China. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-11-2013-0182
Zaborek, P., & Mazur, J. (2019). Enabling value co-creation with consumers as a driver of business performance: A dual perspective of Polish manufacturing and service SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 104, 541-551. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.12.067
Zhang, L., & Yi, Y. (2024). Network embeddedness and service innovation: The mediating role of knowledge co-creation and the moderating role of digital transformation. Service Business, 18(3), 523-553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-024-00571-1
Zhang, X., & Chen, R. (2008). Examining the mechanism of the value co-creation with customers. International Journal of Production Economics, 116(2), 242-250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2008.09.004
Zhou, K. Z., & Wu, F. (2010). Technological capability, strategic flexibility, and product innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 31(5), 547-561. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.830
Zhu, Z.-Y., Xie, H.-M., & Chen, L. (2023). ICT industry innovation: Knowledge structure and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189, 122361. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122361