The Developments Following the COVID-19 Outbreak From the Perspective of the Turkish Banking Sector

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Management, Accounting, Governance, and Financial Management, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

2 Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Tourism, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkiye

Abstract

In the study, developments following the COVID-19 outbreak are discussed in terms of the evolution of technology, competition, new rules in regulation, and responses to the risks posed by COVID-19 and its impact on the financial services provided. The practices made towards these developments are explained in the context of ING, one of the multinational banks, and the banking sector in Türkiye. Non-performing loans (NPLs) as riskiness measurement and loans to assets ratio (LTA) as asset quality are examined based on bank types in the Turkish banking sector by comparing the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Three explanatory variables, namely, capital adequacy ratio, size, and liquidity ratio which are the most important bank-specific determinants of risk and asset quality, are included in the study. The results imply that banks are also affected by the pandemic with companies and individuals. Nevertheless, in the face of this extraordinary situation, supervising institutions and policymakers tried to reduce the effects of the crisis with special policies and regulations, and thus banking sector relatively preserved its pre-pandemic situation.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Ahmed, N., & Ariff, M. (2007). Multi-Country Study of Bank Credit Risk Determinants. The International Journal of Banking and Finance, 5(1), 135-152.
Al Rahahleh, N., Bhatti, M. I., & Misman, F. N. (2019). Developments in Risk Management in Islamic Finance: A Review. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(37), 1-22.
Al-Abedallat, A., & Al-Shubiri , F. (2013). Analysis of the determinants of credit risk in Jordanian Banking: An empirical study. Management Research and Practice, 5(3), 21-31.
Alexandri, M., & Santoso, T. (2015). Nonperforming loan: Impact of an internal and external factor (Evidence in Indonesia). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention(4), 87-91.
Alrfai, M. M., Salleh, D. B., & Waemustafa, W. (2022). Empirical Examination of Credit Risk Determinant of Commercial Banks in Jordan. MDPI Risks, 10(85).
Altunbaş, Y., Gambacorta, L., & Marqués-Ibáñez, D. (2009). Bank Risk and Monetary Policy. (1075). Frankfurt: European Central Bank (ECB).
Appert, E. (2018). What board members need to know and do information technology risks in financial services. New Tork: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited.
Ari, A., Chen, S., & Ratnovski, L. (2021). The dynamics of non-performing loans during banking crises: A new database with post-COVID-19 implications. Journal of Banking and Finance, 133, 1-22.
Awad, R., Ferreira, C., Gaston, E., & Riedweg, L. (2021). Banking Sector Regulatory and Supervisory Response to Deal with Coronavirus Impact (with Q and A). International Monetary Fund. NY: IMF.
Barua, B., & Barua, S. (2021). COVID-19 implications for banks: evidence from an emerging economy. SN Business and Economics, 1(19), 1-19.
Bashir, A.-H. (2003). Determinants of profitability in Islamic banks: Some evidence from the Middle East. Islamic Economic Studies, 11(1), 31-57.
BDDK. (2022). Banking Regulatory and Supervision Agency. Retrieved September 17, 2022, from https://www.bddk.org.tr/
Berger, A., & DeYoung, R. (1997). Problem Loans and Cost Efficiency in Commercial Banks. Journal of Banking & Finance , 21, 849-877.
Bruno, B., & De Marco, F. (2021). European Banks’ Responses to COVID- 19 “Quick Fix” Regulation and Other Measures. Europen Parliment, Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Europen Parliament.
Bruno, B., & De Marco, F. (2021). Europen Banks' Responses to COVID-19 "Quick-Fix" Regulation and Other Measures. European Parliment.
Bsoul, R., Milhem, M., & Odat, M. (2022). Determinants of banks’ credit risk: Evidence from Jordanian banks listed on Amman Stock Exchange . Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(5), 197-209.
CET. (2021). GlobeNewswire by Notified. Retrieved December 28, 2021, from https://kommunikasjon.ntb.no/pressemelding/ing-reports-outcome-of-2021-eu-wide-transparency-exercise-and-risk-assessment-report?publisherId=4954260&releaseId=17921879
CFI. (2022). Major Risks for Banks. Retrieved January 2022, from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/major-risks-for-banks/
Chaibi, H., & Ftiti, Z. (2015). Credit risk determinants: Evidence from a cross-country study . Research in International Business and Finance, 133, 1-16.
Chang, E. (2020). Us News. Retrieved January 13, 2022, from https://money.usnews.com/banking/articles/will-your-bank-branch-close-permanently-because-of-covid
Chernykh, L., & Theodossiou, A. (2011). Determinants of Bank Long-term Lending Behavior: Evidence from Russia. Multinational Finance Journal, 15(3/4), 193-216.
Demir, E., & Danisman, G. (2021). Banking sector reactions to COVID-19: The role of bank-specific factors and government policy responses. Research in International Business and Finance, 58, 1-12.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (2010). Bank Activity and funding strategies: Impact on risk and return. Journal of Financial Economics, 98(3), 625-650.
Disemadi, H., & Shaleh, A. (2020). Banking credit restructuring policy on the impact of COVID-19 spread in Indonesia. Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi, 5(2), 63-70.
Elgin, C., Yalaman, A., Yasar, S., & Basbug, G. (2021). Economic policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of central bank independence. Economic Letters, 204, 1-8.
Elnahass, M., Trinh, V., & Li, T. (2021). Global banking stability in the shadow of the Covid-19 outbreak. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, 72, 1-32.
Erden, B., & Aslan, O. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak on the sustainable development of the Turkish banking sector. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 01-12.
Farika, M., Achsani, N., & Johan, S. (2018). The determinant of bank credit risk: Comparative analysis of conventional and Islamic banks in Indonesia. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance Research, 6(3), 15-31.
Goodhard, C., Tsomocos, D., & Wnag, X. (2021). Support for small businesses amid covid-19. amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute .
Hannah McGrat. (2021). FSTech. Retrieved December 23, 2021, from https://www.fstech.co.uk/fst/Yolt_To_Close_Open_Banking_App.php
IBM. (2022). Data Security. Retrieved January 16, 2022, from https://www.ibm.com/security/data-security
Jessica, T., & Chalid, D. (2019). Determinants of Bank Loans in Indonesia. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 558, 505-512.
Kantur, Z., & Özcan, G. (2021). Card Spending Dynamics in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Central Bank Review, 21, 71-86.
Karaman, H., Savaser, T., Tiniç, M., & Tumer Alkan, G. (2021). Financial Technology in developing economies: A note on digital lending in Turkey. Economic Letters, 207, 1-12.
Kharabsheh, B. (2019). Determinants of Banks Credit Risk: Empirical Evidence from Jordanian Commercial Banks. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 23(3), 1-12.
Klein, N. (2013). Non-performing loans in CESEE: determinants and impact on macroeconomic performance (Vol. 01 27). IMF Working Paper.
Korzeb, Z., & Niedziółka, P. (2020). Resistance of commercial banks to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Poland. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(2), 205-234.
Kovalenko, V., Sheludko, S., Radova, N., Mushudli, F., & Gonchar, K. (2021). International Standards for Bank Capital Regulations. Financial and Credit Activities: Problems of Theory And Practice, 1(36), 35-46.
Kreis, K. (2021). federalreserve.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022, from https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/bank-branches-and-covid-19-where-are-banks-closing-branches-during-the-pandemic-20211217.htm
Leroy, A. (2014). Competition and the bank lending channel in Eurozone. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 31, 296-314.
Louzis, D., Vouldis, A., & Metaxas, V. (2012). Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business, and consumer loan portfolios. Journal of Banking and Finance, 36(14), 1012-1027.
Maharmah Ghada , M., & Saadeh, A. (2015). The Determinants of Banks' Credit Default at Jordanian Commercial Banks (Internal Perspective). Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(10), 102-111.
Malede, M. (2014). Determinants of Commercial Banks Lending: Evidence from Ethiopian Commercial Banks. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(20), 109-118.
Manab, N., Theng, N., & Md-Rus, R. (2015). The Determinants of Credit Risk in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences(172), 301-308.
Marcu, M. (0221). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Banking Sector. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 9(2), 205-223.
Ministry of Health Scientific Committee. (25 June 2020). Covid19 Outbreak Management and Working Guide. Ministry of Health, Scientific Comittee. Ankara: Ministry of Health.
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Turkey. (2021). Ministry of Interior of the Republic. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/
Olokoyo, F. (2011). Determinants of Commercial Banks’ Lending Behavior in Nigeria. International Journal of Financial Research, 2(2), 61-72.
Ozili, P. K. (2019). Non-performing loans and financial development: new evidence. The Journal of Risk Finance, 20(1), 59-81.
Rabab’ah , M. (2015). Factors Affecting the Bank Credit: An Empirical Study on the Jordanian Commercial Banks. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(5), 166-178.
Rijswijk, S. (2021). Consolidated Results 3Q2021. Amsterdam: ING Corporate Communications.
Roel, L. (2021). Cybersecurity. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/Viewpoint-Cybersecurity.pdf
Ruffalo, J. (2021). Netherland News Live. Retrieved March 25, 2021, from https://netherlandsnewslive.com/ing-closes-dozens-of-branches-leaves-440-jobs-financial/119198/
Sülkü, S., Coşar, K., & Tokatlıoğlu, Y. (2021). COVID-19 Process: Turkey Experşence. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 345-372.
Schiavone, P. (2021). Financial Services Risk Trends. Munich: Allianz.
Segall, R., Dias, C., Grigaite, R. R., & Magnus, M. (2021). The EU's regulatory and supervisory response to addressing non-performing loans. European Union.
Sharma, P., & Gounder, N. (2012, December 11). Determinants of Bank Credit in Small Open Economies: The Case of Six Pacific Island Countries. SSRN. Retrieved November 2022, from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2187772.
Steffen, C. (1995). Data Security in a Multi-Cloud World. Boulder: EMA.
Stern , G., & Feldman, R. (2004). Too Big to Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Steven van Rijwijk. (2021). Consolidated Results. Amsterdam: ING Corporate Communications. Retrieved January 03, 2022, from file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/ING_Press_Release_2Q2021.pdf
Tehulu, T. A., & Olana, D. R. (2014). Bank- Specific Determinants of Credit Risk: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopian Banks. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 5(7), 80-86.
Thomas, R. (2020). fintechmagazine.com. Retrieved November 05, 2021, from https://fintechmagazine.com/banking/ing-refocusing-digital-strategy-amid-covid-19-headwinds
Tomak, S. (2013). Determinants of commercial banks' lending behavior: Evidence from Turkey. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 3(8), 933-943.
TUIK. (2022). Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved October 04, 2022, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Consumer-Price-Index-September-2022-45798&dil=2
Tuna, K. (2021). Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Turkish Banking Sector Employment. Istanbul Journal of Economics, 71(1), 1-40.
UK Government. (2021, July 14). Gov.uk. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/working-safely-during-covid-19/shops-branches-and-close-contact-services
Verick, S., & Islam, I. (2010). The great recession of 2008-2009: Causes, consequences and policy responses. International Labor Organization.
Viral, A., & Hassan, N. (2012). The Seeds of a Crisis: A Theory of Bank Liquidity and Risk Taking over the Business Cycle . Journal of Finance Economics, 106(2), 349-366.
Xie, H., Chang, H.-L., Hafeez, M., & Saliba, C. (2022). COVID-19 post-implications for sustainable banking sector performance: evidence from emerging Asian economies. Economic Research -Ekonoska IstraŽivanja, 35(1), 4801-4816.
Yücememiş, B., & Sözer, İ. (2011). Non-Performing Loans in Banks: A Model Implementation Intended for Periodics of non-performing Loans in Turkish Banking Sector. Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 3(5), 43-56.
Yılmaz, G. (2020). Responding to the potential business impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak. PWC.
Yan, J., & Jia, P. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 on Bank Sector Traditional Business Model Sustainability in China: Bank Branch Versus Fintech. Frontiers in Physics, 10, 1-11.
Yağcılar, G., & Demir, S. (2015). Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Takipteki Kredi Oranları Üzerinde Etkili Olan Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi. International Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business, 7(1), 221-229.
Yetiz, F. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Turkish Banking Industry Employees and Their Customer: Swot Analysis. European Journal of Science and Technology, 22, 109-117.
Zribi, N., & Boujelbène, Y. (2011). The factors influencing bank credit risk: The case of Tunisia. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 3(4), 70-78