Brand Intelligence: Its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Impact on Firm Performance

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Faculty of Economics Management and Administrative Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

Abstract

Using intelligence in various aspects of business, including branding, allows organizations to reach a worthy competitive position in today's turbulent environment. However, researchers have not yet provided a scale to measure the level of brand intelligence. As a result, the purpose of this study is 1) to provide an operational definition of brand intelligence and 2) to develop a standard scale for measuring this variable. This study reports six studies on developing a brand intelligence scale based on a literature review and interviews with practitioners. This scale shows reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and nomological validity. The findings show a 24-item measurement scale comprising seven dimensions: monitoring, brand research, predictability, reactivity, learning ability, ability to collaborate, and responsiveness. Also, the results showed that brand intelligence significantly affects market performance and financial performance. Finally, contributions, implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California
Management Review, 38
(3), 102–120.
Anaza, N. A., Saavedra, J. L., Hair Jr, J. F., Bagherzadeh, R., Rawal, M., & Osakwe, C. N. (2021). Customer-brand disidentification: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. Journal of Business Research133, 116-131.
Arora, A., Gupta, S., Devi, C., & Walia, N. (2023). Customer experiences in the era of artificial intelligence (AI) in context to Fin-Tech: a fuzzy AHP approach. Benchmarking: An International Journal, (ahead-of-print).
Bahrami, M. A., Kiani, M. M., Montazeralfaraj, R., Zadeh, H. F., & Zadeh, M. M. (2016). The mediating role of organizational learning in the relationship of organizational intelligence and organizational agility. Osong public health and research perspectives7(3), 190-196.
Black W., Babin B.J. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis: Its Approach, Evolution, and Impact. In: Babin B., Sarstedt M. (eds) The Great Facilitator. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-030-06031-2_16.
Brakus, J., Schmitt, B., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: What is it? How is it
measured? Does it affect loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 73(3), 52–68.
Chen, Y., & Lin, Z. (2021). Business intelligence capabilities and firm performance: A study in China. International Journal of Information Management, 57, 102232.
Cheng, C., Zhong, H., & Cao, L. (2020). Facilitating speed of internationalization: The roles of business intelligence and organizational agility. Journal of Business Research110, 95-103.
Chi, C. G. Q., Chi, O. H., & Ouyang, Z. (2020). Wellness Hotel: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. International Journal of Hospitality Management89, 102404.
Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research16(1), 64-73.
Cronin, J. J., & Page, T. J. (1988). An examination of the relative impact of growth strategies on profit performance. European Journal of Marketing. 22(1), 57-68.
Davis, S., & Dunn, M. (2002). Building the brand-driven business: Operationalize your brand
to drive profitable growth
. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dey, I. (2003). Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. Routledge.
De Chernatony, L., McDonald, M., & Wallace, E. (2011). Creating powerful brands (4th
ed.). London: Taylor & Francis.
Ewing, M. T., & Napoli, J. (2005). Developing and validating a multidimensional
nonprofit brand orientation scale. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 841–853.
Fronzetti Colladon, A. (2020). Forecasting election results by studying brand importance in online news. International Journal of Forecasting36(2), 414-427.
Fronzetti Colladon, A. (2018). The semantic brand score. Journal of Business Research88, 150 160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.03.026.
Fronzetti Colladon, A., & Grippa, F. (2020). Brand Intelligence Analytics. In A. Przegalinska, F. Grippa, & P. Gloor (Eds.), Digital Transformation of Collaboration. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks (pp. 125-141). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Ghazanfari, M. Jafari, M. Rouhani, S. (2011). A tool to evaluate the business intelligence of enterprise systems, Scientia Iranica, 18 (6), 1579-1590.
Golden, B. R. (1992). SBU strategy and performance: the moderating effects of the corporateā€SBU relationship. Strategic Management Journal13(2), 145-58.
Gromark, J., & Melin, F. (2011). The underlying dimensions of brand orientation and its
impact on financial performance. Journal of Brand Management, 18(6), 394–410.
Guarda, T. M. G. D. S. (2015). Pervasive business intelligence: a marketing intelligence framework proposal. Doctoral Thesis in Information Systems and Technologies Area of Information Systems and Technology, Universidade do Minho, Portugal.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.
Jahanvi, J., & Sharma, M. (2021). Brand respect: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. Journal of Business Research132, 115-123.
Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1993). Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing57(3), 53-70.
Jeong, B., Ko, N., Son, C., & Yoon, J. (2021) Trademark-based framework to uncover business diversification opportunities: Application of deep link prediction and competitive intelligence analysis. Computers in Industry124, 103356.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika39(1), 31-36.
Keller, K. L., & Lehmann, D. R. (2006). Brands and branding: Research findings and
future priorities. Marketing Science, 25(6), 740–759.
Khan, H. (2020). Is marketing agility important for emerging market firms in advanced markets? International Business Review29(5), 101733.
Kock, F., Josiassen, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2018). Scale development in tourism research: Advocating for a new paradigm. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1227-1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518800391.
Kopp, A., & Jekauc, D. (2018). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance in competitive sports: a meta-analytical investigation. Sports6(4), 175.
Kopalle, P. K., Gangwar, M., Kaplan, A., Ramachandran, D., Reinartz, W., & Rindfleisch, A. (2021). Examining artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in marketing via a global lens: Current trends and future research opportunities. International Journal of Research in Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.11.002.
Mariadoss, B. J., Milewicz, C., Lee, S., & Sahaym, A. (2014). Salesperson competitive intelligence and performance: The role of product knowledge and sales force automation usage. Industrial Marketing Management43(1), 136-145.
Mikellidou, K., Lambrou, N., Georgiou, E., & Avraamides, M. (2021). The relationship between intelligence and orientation discrimination skills. bioRxiv, 2021-04.
Moreno, V., Cavazotte, F., & de Souza Carvalho, W. (2020). Business intelligence and analytics as a driver of dynamic and operational capabilities in times of intense macroeconomic turbulence. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 31(2), 100389.
Netemeyer, R. G. R., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. London: Sage.
Nguyen, B., Ekinci, Y., Simkin, L., & Melewar, T. C. (2015). The brand likeability scale: An exploratory study of likeability in firm-level brands. International Journal of Market Research57(5), 777-800.
Papadas, K.-K., Avlonitis, G. J., & Carrigan, M. (2017). Green marketing orientation: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. Journal of Business Research, 80, 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.05.024.
Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1991). Criteria for scale selection and evaluation. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes, 1(3), 1-16.
Siddiqui, K. (2022). Brand equity trend analysis for fashion brands (2001-2021). Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 13(3), 238-255. DOI: 10.1080/20932685.2022.2032792
Sin, L.Y.M.Tse, A.C.B. and Yim, F.H.K. (2005). CRM: conceptualization and scale development, European Journal of Marketing, 39(11/12), 1264-1290. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560510623253.
Sharp, S. (2009). Competitive intelligence advantage: how to minimize risk, avoid surprises, and grow your business in a changing world. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Shen, C. C., Chang, R. E., Hsu, C. J., & Chang, I. C. (2017). How business intelligence maturity enabling hospital agility. Telematics and Informatics34(1), 450-456.
Shooshtarian, Z., Ameli, F., & Amini Lari, M. (2013). The effect of labor's emotional intelligence on their job satisfaction, job performance, and commitment. Iranian Journal of management studies6(1), 27-43.
Sohrabi, R., Asari, M., & Hozoori, M. J. (2014). Relationship between Workforce Agility and Organizational Intelligence (Case Study: The Companies of" Iran High Council of Informatics"). Asian Social Science10(4), 279.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA (p. 724). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole.
Tajeddini, K., & Ratten, V. (2020). The moderating effect of brand orientation on inter-firm market orientation and performance. Journal of strategic marketing, 28(3), 194-224.
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Van den Driest, F., Sthanunathan, S., & Weed, K. (2016). Building an insights engine.
Harvard Business Review, 94(9), 64–74.
Williams, J., Gazley, A., & Ashill, N. (2021). Children's Perceived Value: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Validation. Journal of Retailing97(2), 301-315.
Wong, H. Y., & Merrilees, B. (2005). A brand orientation typology for SMEs: A case research approach.
Journal of product & brand Management, 14, 155–162.
Zarei, A., Feiz, D., Akbarzadeh pasha, M. (2018). Thematic Analysis Method Application in Recognizing Brand Agility. Brand Management, 4(4), 79-112. https://doi.org/10.22051/BMR.2019.17201.1386.